Evaluation of Ethical Responsibilities as Psychologists

Evaluation of Ethical Responsibilities as Psychologists This paper attempts to highlight some issues that any psychologist may encounter during his or her practice. Besides, the paper seeks to highlight ethical aspects that psychologists must consider while dealing with clients and the community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Ethical Responsibilities as Psychologists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also a description of other ethical aspects of psychologists such as values, diversity issues, confidentiality, research, multiple relationships and boundaries. Integrity as a Learner The ultimate goal of education is to deliver knowledge to learners. The expectation in any learning institution is that learners will observe academic integrity in the due course of their study (Jacob Powers, 2009). However, most learners and professionals in education act in ways that are contrary to this goal. As a psychology learner, it is vital to complete assignment s individually as opposed to copying other people’s work. Another issue that is evident in the learning process is competition. Learners should be made aware of the significance of competition in education and research process (Flanagan, Miller, Jacob, 2005). Professionals should conduct competition with diligence and through just ways such as monitored practice. Whereas competition can be extremely beneficial in the field of education, it can bear contrary results when conducted without considering psychological aspects. Competition should take place in consideration of aspects such as fairness, impartiality and established guidelines. Similarly, as psychology learners, we should focus on psychology as a discipline and work towards adding knowledge to this area of study through research (Flanagan, Miller, Jacob, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychologists should maintain the integrity in the entire education process, particularly, when carrying out research and other assignments. For instance, we must uphold the confidentiality required during research processes (Williams, Armistead, Jacob, 2008). Psychologists must uphold principles of honesty and moral values, depending on the society, so as not to taint their images. The area that was new to me in this topic was the issue of ethics that must be involved in competition during the education process. This is because most studies have not focused on impacts that competition can have on learning. One trait that learners have to change can be related to how they conduct assignments. Some learners practice unethical behaviors during completion of assignments such as replicating other peoples work. Even when these learners are able to complete individual research they are never honest about the results of the entire results process. While such learners may end up excelling in their stud ies, they may be of little value to the society as they lack professional ethics. Personal Values as they relate to Professional Ethics There exists a relationship between professional ethics and personal values. This is because personal values influence how we handle daily circumstances. However, psychologists must ensure that their personal values and belief systems do not affect how they handle clients (Iverson, 2006). In other words, psychologists must be objective when dealing with clients irrespective of their belief systems. Suppose a psychologist discovers that values of a client are likely to be harmful, he must make efforts to help the client to understand the real situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Ethical Responsibilities as Psychologists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Values guide us in differentiating right from wrong. However, we may find that what is wrong for one person is su itable for the other. In such a situation psychologists must be careful not to impose their self values to clients. However, unethical issue may arise where by a client want to terminate his or her life due to personal beliefs on matters to do with abortion, sickness, and religion (Iverson, 2006). On such occasions, it can be tricky for psychologists to remain objective. The best thing that a psychologist, who encounters such a situation, can do is to report the matter to legal authorities, since the life of the client can be in danger if the psychologist fails to take any action. One area of learning that is new to me is the circumstance where a client wants to take way his life, for reasons related to his or her values. While a psychologist has to remain impartial, in most other cases, this case obtains different treatment due to the seriousness of the issue. The role of psychologists in this case evolves to relating the situation to legal jurisdictions and offering psychological help that does not interfere with the values and beliefs of the client. I find the act of a psychologist referring a client to another psychologist to be ambiguous. This is because the discipline of psychology requires psychologists to be impartial and objective even when the value of the clients contradicts the values of the psychologists. In other words, if a psychologist is impartial in his or her treatment of a certain psychological issue then there would be no need of referring the client to someone else. This aspect should change because psychologists obtain training to handle people from any diversity.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multicultural and Diversity Issues Diversity and multicultural issues, which face many psychologists, arise due to diversities in ethnic groups, religions and races. Most psychologists encounter difficulties in dealing with diverse people due to their ignorance about other cultures (Plante, 2007). For instance, psychologists may decide to place two people from different cultures in a similar room for therapy, without considering their differences. Such a situation is not likely to yield the expected results because the two people may understand information that obtains delivery in different ways. Thus, psychologists need to seek for cultural information from various sources such as the American Psychology Association, which offers directions on how to handle persons from different cultures, populations and ethnicities (American Psychological Association, 2002). Within this topic, I have learnt that it is essential for psychologists to seek knowledge regarding beliefs and practices o f persons from different cultures. This is because cultural practices may make a client not to be at ease or open in disclosing their experiences. While it may seem easy for some of us to sit down and talk with counselors, others may find it difficult due to their cultural beliefs. For instance, Muslims men should not mix with Muslim ladies. Therefore, in cases where counselors are men, women may fail to disclose their needs. Psychologists have to change their perceptions regarding persons from different diversities in order not to treat people from certain background with prejudice. This can only be achieved through studying materials that are available about such cultures. The ambiguous thing when dealing with multicultural situations is that a client may regard a psychologist as unethical because of performing an act that is morally correct according to the culture of the psychologist, but wrong to the culture of the client. Confidentiality Confidentiality involves non disclosure of communication that takes place among people (Plante, 2007). Ethical issues are likely to arise when confidential information that a client shared with a psychologist becomes disclosed. It is the duty of psychologists to guard information of a client against persons like friends, families and any other people who may be interested in knowing information about a client (Plante, 2007). A psychologist should never share any confidential information without concept from the client or a legal authority. However, a psychologist may disclose such information in order to protect the integrity of a person or people who may be affected by such information or people whose lives may be at risk due to non disclosure of such information (Plante, 2007). Within this area, I have learnt that there exist some cases when disclosure of information about a client can be allowed. This includes circumstances like when nondisclosure information may cause harm to other people or when there are legal grou nds to disclose such information. One area that I find to be ambiguous is the storage of confidential information in electronic medical records. This is because such information can be leaked through technological means. Besides, I find the fact that some confidential information becomes disclosed to be ambiguous. Boundary and Multiple Relations Psychologists encounter difficulties when they become engaged in social or intimate relationships with the client. Such relationships are likely to interfere with the objectivity of the psychologists or harm the client (Oberlander Barnett, 2005). Hence, psychologists need to have limits with their clients. In case of multiple relationships psychologists should handle the situation wisely in order to ensure they do not hurt the client (Oberlander Barnett, 2005; Pipes, Holstein, Aguirre, 2005). In this area, I have learnt that psychologists may engage in multiple relationships as long as they ensure that such relationships do not interfere with their objectivity. I find the fact that psychologists should not build relationships with their clients to be ambiguous, since other times psychologists engage in community work that require them to have relationships with community members. Community Work One community issue that is apparent in this area is confidentiality. This is because community programs involve lots of conversations which may lead to disclosure of private information (Fisher, 2006). Confidentiality should guard both the program and participants from the incursion of privacy through creating links between the program and its members. Another ethical issue that is common in this area is conducting researches without consent from members and sharing such information with other groups (Plante, 2007). This part has made me realize the need for advocate counselors who should represent the rights of community members particularly regarding confidentiality. I find the fact that the relationship between the psycho logist and client in the therapeutic setting should be professional wile during community programs the relationship becomes more social. Research The issue of research becomes surrounded by many ethical concerns some of which include misappropriating funds for research, modes of storing data, unveiling the research before the due date, and patent stealing (Haverkamp, 2005). I find most issues in this area to be new to me. This is because most studies just emphasize on the need for confidentiality. What I find ambiguous in this part is that research should confirm hypothesis, but some modes of research used have little credibility. In conclusion, a psychologist has many ethical responsibilities, both in the office and towards the community. The responsibilities of a psychologist do not just entail offering psychological therapy, as they also include other fields like cultures, values, building relationships and roles. Hence, psychologists have responsibilities in many parts of human beings. Future studies should find out the extent to which psychologists practice ethical responsibilities. References American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060– 1073. Fisher, C. B. (2006). Privacy and ethics in pediatric environmental health research- part 1: Genetic and prenatal testing. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1617–1621. Flanagan, R., Miller, J. A., Jacob, S. (2005). The 2002 revision of APA’s ethics code: Implications for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 42, 433–445. Haverkamp, B. (2005). Ethical perspectives on qualitative research in applied psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 146-155. Iverson, G. L. (2006). Ethical issues associated with the assessment of exaggeration, poor effort, and malingering. Applied Neuropsychology, 13 77 – 90. Jacob, S., Powers, K. E. (2009). Privileged communication in the scho ol psychologist–client relationship. Psychology in the Schools, 46, 307–318. Oberlander, S. E., Barnett, J. D. (2005). Multiple relationships between graduate assistants and students: Ethical and practical considerations. Ethics Behavior, 15, 49-64. Pipes, R. B., Holstein, J. D., Aguirre, M. G. (2005). Examining the personal-professional distinction. American Psychologist, 60, 325-334. Plante, T. (2007). Integrating spirituality and psychotherapy: Ethical issues and principles to consider. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 891-902. Williams, B., Armistead, L., Jacob, S. (2008). Professional ethics for school psychologists: A problem-solving model casebook. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.

Cephalopods Facts

Cephalopods Facts Cephalopods are mollusks (Cephalopoda), a class which includes octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, and nautilus. These are ancient species that are found in all of the worlds oceans, and are thought to have originated about 500 million years ago. They include some of the most intelligent creatures on the planet. Fast Facts: Cephalopods Scientific Name: CephalopodaCommon Name(s): Cephlapods, mollusks, cuttlefish, octopuses, squids, nautilusesBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: 1/2 inch–30 feetWeight: 0.2 ounce–440 poundsLifespan: 1–15 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: All of the oceansPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Critically Endangered (1 species), Endangered (2), Vulnerable (2), Near Threatened (1), Least Concern (304), Data Deficient (376) Description Cephalopods are highly intelligent, highly mobile ocean-dwelling creatures that are remarkably diverse in size and lifestyle. All of them possess at least eight arms and a parrot-like beak. They have three hearts that circulate blue blood- cephalopod blood is copper-based, rather than iron-based like red-blooded humans. Some cephalopod species have tentacles with suckers for grabbing, camera-like eyes, color-changing skin, and complex learning behaviors. Most cephalopod eyes are quite like humans, with an iris, pupil, lens, and (in some) a cornea. The shape of the pupil is specific to species. Cephalopods are intelligent, with relatively large brains. The largest is the giant squid (30 feet long and weighing 440 pounds); the smallest are the pygmy squid and California lilliput octopus (under 1/2 inch and 2/10 of an ounce). Most live only one to two years, with a maximum of five years, except for nautiluses which can live as long as 15 years. Species There are over 800 living species of cephalopods, loosely divided into two groups called clades: Nautiloidea (of which the only surviving species is the nautilus) and Coleoidea (squids, cuttlefish, octopuses, and the paper nautilus).  The taxonomic structures are under debate. Nautiluses have a coiled shell, are slow-moving, and are only found in deep water; they have more than 90 arms.Squids are by and large torpedo-shaped, fast-moving, and have a thin, flexible internal shell called a pen. The pupils of their eyes are circular.Cuttlefish look and behave like squid but they have stouter bodies and a broad internal shell called a cuttlebone. They navigate by undulating their body fins and live in the water column or on the sea floor. Cuttlefish pupils are shaped like the letter W.Octopuses live mostly in deep water, have no shell, and can swim or walk on two of their eight arms. Their pupils are rectangular. Habitat and Range Cephalopods are found in all of the major water bodies in the world, primarily but not exclusively salt water. Most species live at depths between seven and 800 feet, but a few can survive at depths near 3,300 feet. Some cephalopods migrate following their food sources, a characteristic that may well have allowed them to survive for millions of years. Some migrate vertically every day, spending most of the day in the dark depths hiding from predators and rising to the surface at night to hunt.   Diet Cephalopods are all carnivorous. Their diet varies depending on the species but can include everything from crustaceans to fish, bivalves, jellyfish, and even other cephalopods. They are hunters and scavengers and have several tools to assist them. They grasp and hold their prey with their arms and then break it into bite-sized pieces using their beaks; and they further process the food with a radula, a tongue-like form edged with teeth that scrapes the meat and pulls it into the cephalopod digestive tract. Behavior Many cephalopods, especially octopuses, are intelligent problem solvers and escape artists. To hide from their predators- or their prey- they can eject a cloud of ink, bury themselves in the sand, change color, or even make their skin bioluminesce, emit light like a firefly.  Skin color changes are engineered by expanding or contracting pigment-filled bags in the skin called chromatophores. Cephalopods move through the water in two ways. Traveling tail-first, they move by flapping their fins and arms. Traveling head first, they move by jet propulsion: muscles fill their mantle with water and then expel it in a burst that propels them forward. Squids are the fastest of any marine creature. Some species can move in bursts up to 26 feet per second, and in sustained migrations for up 1 foot per second. Reproduction Cephalopods have both male and female sexes, and mating usually includes a courtship often involving skin color changes, varying with the species. Some species of cephalopods gather together in great masses to mate. The male transfers a sperm packet to the female through her mantle opening via either a penis or a modified arm; the females are polyandrous, meaning they can be fertilized by multiple males. The females lay large yolky eggs in clusters on the ocean floor, creating 5 to 30 egg capsules with four to six embryos each. In many species, males and females both die shortly after spawning. Octopus females, however, stop eating but live on to watch over their eggs, keeping them clean and protecting them from predators. Gestation periods can last for months, depending on species and conditions: one deep-sea octopus, Graneledone boreopacifica, has a gestation period of four and a half years. Identifying the young of different cephalopod species is difficult. Some juvenile cephalopods swim freely and feed on marine snow (bits of food fragments in the water column) until they mature, while others are adept predators at birth.   Conservation Status There are 686 species listed in the class Cephalopoda in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. One species is listed as Critically Endangered (Opisthoteuthis chathamensis), two are Endangered (O. mero and Cirroctopus hochbergi), two are Vulnerable (O. calypso and O. massyae) and one is Near Threatened (Giant Australian Cuttlefish, Sepia apama). Of the rest, 304 are Least Concern and 376 are Data Deficient. The Opisthoeuthis genus of octopus live in the most shallow waters of the oceans, and they are the species which is most threatened by commercial deep-water trawling.   Cephalopods reproduce rapidly and over-fishing is not typically a problem. Nacre from the nautilus is prized in the United States and elsewhere, and although nautiluses are not listed in the IUCN Red List, they have been protected under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 2016.   Sources Bartol, Ian K., et al. Swimming Dynamics and Propulsive Efficiency of Squids Throughout Ontogeny. Integrative and Comparative Biology 48.6 (2008): 720–33. Print.Cephalapoda - Class. IUCN Red List.Cephalopoda Cuvier 1797. Encyclopedia of Life, 2010.Hall, Danielle. Cephalopods. Ocean. Smithsonian Institution, 2018.Vendetti, Jann. The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites. Lophotrochozoa: Mollusca, University of California at Berkeley, 2006.Young, Richard E., Michael Vecchione, and Katharina M. Mangold. Cephalopoda Cuvier 1797 Octopods, squids, nautiluses, etc. Tree of Life, 2019.Wood, James B. The Cephalopod Page, University of Hawaii, 2019.

Diversity at Work ( race and religion) Research Paper

Diversity at Work ( race and religion) - Research Paper Example In order to exploit this opportunity for the peaceful labor relations and growth of the company, the management should establish long term diversity goals with the aim of improving employer-employee partnership on a long term basis. Thiederman (2008, p. 188) states that although entering into conversations about diversity-related tension and bias can be challenging and frightening, the benefits far outweigh the risks. More than anything else, such conversations serve an important educational function. The unique qualities and strengths of the different groups enhance the enterprise value of an organization, if they are harnessed to increase overall efficiency in an organization. Therefore, management strategies should aim to facilitate exchange of information through proper communication, discussions and conversations within the organization. According to the Wall Street Journal, the management should provide diversity training in the workplace and all employees should understand tha t hiring decisions are based on finding the best candidate and not by quotas. This will enhance the confidence level among the employees. In the wake of globalization and liberalization in various countries of the world, the business undertakings need introspection into their human resources management strategies. ... 2) state, â€Å"In 2000, 19% of the US resident population was non-white; in 2020, 22.4% is expected to be non-white; †¦Ã¢â‚¬  When it is analyzed with reference to employment in the organizations, data related the government departments or establishment will be useful and reliable because they are maintained in accordance with a set of government rules to highlight the representation of different sections of the society and minorities in employment. US General Accounting Office (2003, p. 2) in its report stated that according to the USPS data, in the USPS career employee workforce the representation of minorities and women in the workforce remained fairly constant, about 36 and 38 percent, respectively. (Appendix – II, USPS Career Employee Workforce Representation by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, Fiscal Years 2000 through 2002) Therefore, the representation of various social groups in employment reflects the progress in this area for the nation as a whole. A company shoul d formulate its human resources management strategy taking into account the environment and its relative position within the industry in the area of diversity at work. Proper mix of the labor need to be worked out based on the product and customer profile, the geographical spread of the business and the existing management structure. Diversity goals   Measuring the success of an organization in achieving its diversity goals is based on several factors such as retention level, labor turnover in various social groups in the organization, absenteeism, proportion of various social groups in the management positions. (Appendix – I, Diversity Indicators) Diversity at work is not restricted to the lower levels but include all levels in the management

Legalization of drugs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalization of drugs - Term Paper Example It is often argued that alcohol and cigarettes also have the reputation of being an addictive drug, yet both are legalized. Furthermore, those that want drugs will take the steps necessary to get them, so instead of making them criminals and continuing to overcrowd jails, it might be better to allow them to take the legalized form of the drug, which would probably be much weaker, and regulated, making addiction more difficult. Those who oppose this concept worry about increased addiction as well as the moral and ethics of society. There is a strong Christian movement that is against legalizing drugs, led by the Christian Coalition. Rangel (1998) puts this argument and view forth in his journal article. This coalition has a strong influence on politics, especially the Republican party, and thus this issue has been brought to the forefront many times. Krajicek (1998) discusses the power of the Christian Coalition to influence crime laws in his article, thus backing up the point that re ligion often does cross over into law and politics. While morality is an understandable concern, this same moral question already exists with alcohol and cigarettes. Therefore, what is the best approach to this concept The War on Drugs seems to be failing. No matter how hard the United States tries as a country, we still struggle with stopping the crossing of drugs into the country, and it is very apparent that this practice continues. If we have not been able to adequately stop this drug problem after trying for so many years, is there another way to end this issue? Davey (1998) makes a point of this issue in his arguments. ... The answer would be yes, and it would focus on the legalization of drugs. Thus, this researcher feels that the answer lies in legalizing drugs. This would not only end the War on Drugs, it would also clear jails (getting rid of drug crimes and opening up overcrowded prisons for those who have committed serious crimes like rape and murder), and it would also allow individuals freedom of choice. Silen (1994) agrees with the concept that adults who do want these drugs, of course if they desire them, will find a way to get them, one way or another. Therefore, it seems that it would be a good idea to take advantage of the situation. The United States already sells damaging and addictive drugs to its people in the form of cigarettes and alcohol. This would only give individuals more of a choice, and people would still be expected to use drugs responsibly-for instance, drinking while intoxicated on any drug is not acceptable. Shapiro (2003) argues, in his journal article, that our country i s based on freedom of will and choice, as long as others are not harmed. Therefore, the overall point is that there are several benefits to both people and the government when legalizing drugs, and this step should be taken in order to take advantage of the several advantages present in the situation. One important notion to consider is the fact that the legalizing of drugs also promises to reduce crime. How can this be so, when so many crimes are attributed to drug use First, the regulation of the drug itself promises that the drug will be less potent, and that the amount obtainable can be limited. This makes it more difficult for

Big Time Toymaker V. Chou Essay Example for Free

Big Time Toymaker V. Chou Essay 1. At what point, if ever, did the parties have a contract? I believe that there were two contracts made in this scenario. The first one was the verbal contract that sated that the stipulations of price and the fact that there needed to be a written contract before distributing the product. The email, since it was in writing can also count as a written contract; both parties had knowledge that there would be some sort of written agreement. Chou was in the right to think that the email stating the key terms and agreements counts as a contract. 2. What facts may weigh in favor of or against Chou in terms of the parties’ objective intent to contract? The facts that Chou was in a verbal agreement with BTT will be helpful in proving that they had a preliminary agreement pending a written one. The fact that an email was sent to him with all the key terms, price, time frames and obligations is also helpful in proving that Chou had a valid agreement with BTT. I believe that that email would count as a binding contract since both parties had a promise pending performances. This was a mutual assessment in which there was an offer by BTT and an acceptance by Chou. 3. Does the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail have any impact on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 (above)? In a way it does because when I think of an agreement I think of it as a written and signed agreement by both parties. However BTT did not specify in what kind of writing this contract needed to be. They did not specify if there was need to sign, notified or have witnesses for the contract. Email communication between two people describing the key terms of a contract and having both of them acknowledge the key terms to me serves a contract. While there was no signature, it had both parties’ names on it, it could be said that it was an E-signature. Also we have to keep in mind that the terms were also discussed verbally prior to the email being sent. 4. What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? I believe that this email communication meets the statute of frauds and the fact that it had the named of the people in business counts as a contract. There have been cases were the name at the end of an email counts as a signature, example Stevens v. Publicis, were the publicis won because the name of both parties were in the written emails. In this case both parties names are on the emails and that signaled both parties intent to do business. 5. Could BTT avoid this contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would allow the contract to be avoided? I think that BTT might have a chance to void the contract under the doctrine of mistake because they can claim that Chou misunderstood the fact that the emails meant that he was able to go ahead and distribute the product, making it a bi ding contract. However it was clear that the email stated the facts of the contract and BTT did not specify that Chou should in fact continue to draft the contract for both parties to sign. I think that BTT would have a hard time voiding the contract under the doctrine of mistake. I think that fact there was no specification to how the contract would be written leaves a lot of vague results. BTT should have been more specific in their emails saying that Chou should still have to draft a contract agreement and that the email was not enough for the contract. In this scenario BTT would have a ch ance at voiding the contract. 6. Assuming, arguendo, that this e-mail does constitute an agreement, what consideration supports this agreement? The fact that BTT promised distribution rights to Chou pending an agreement counts as consideration. In this case, something of value was put on the line by both parties, entering them into an agreement to exchange mutual performances. In this case there was also a value that we can determine, and that was $25,000 paid to Chou in exchange for exclusive negotiation rights. I think that consideration was present in this agreement, making a valid contract. At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chou’s new strategy game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might or might not apply. In this scenario the remedies that would apply would be, compensatory damages because in this case Chou suffered a loss of potential profits that he would have made by his new game. It would also repay him as if BTT had not breached the contract. I think that if he could not claim compensatory damages then he would also be able to claim consequential damages because it states that it compensates the non-breaching party for foreseeable indirect loses. It also states that it involves a unique circumstance beyond the contract. In this case the contract BTT made was taken over by someone else who at the end did not want to do business with Chou. Restitution and Liquidated damages do not applied to this because there was no unjust enrichment by BTT due to the breach of contract. BTT and Chou did not agree to any damages ahead of time there fore liquidated damages does not apply.

Football Essay examples -- Sports Game

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though beaten, bloody, and drained of energy, the two teams in competition still thirst for victory and strive to defeat their opponents. Both teams can smell victory in the air and give their all to come out on top of this football game. All kinds of emotions stir, and as the men pound at each other constantly, the crowd roars. Because of all of the intensity involved in the game, football is on of the world’s most popular sports, however, understanding the game of football is not easy. Football is a complex sport in its origin, evolution, and rules of the game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said that the forerunner of American football was a game called â€Å"harpaston,† played by the ancient Greeks. Similar to modern football, the object of harpaston was to move a ball across a goal line by kicking, throwing, or running with it. However, most modern versions of football originated in England in the twelfth century. A certain form of football was known during this time, and it became so popular that it was banned because it took away from the military sport of archery. Modern football is a mixture of soccer- where a ball is kicked to opposite goals by two opposing teams and they have to defend their own goal and try to kick the ball into the opposite goal, and rugby- in which players run with the ball and tackle each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first football game was known as the â€Å"Boston Game,† and was played at Harvard University. Harvard accepted a challenge from McGill University, who played a sport somewhat like English Rugby Football. In the early years of football, each team used twenty-five players at a time. In 1873, it was reduced to twenty players, in 1876 to fifteen players, and in 1880 to eleven players, where it has remained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The modern game of football is played on a field 100 yards longs and 53.5 yards wide. Each team defends on end of the field, which is known as an end zone. The end zone is another ten yards added on to the length of the field on each side. The object of the game is to carry, pass, or kick the ball into the opposing end zone and to score. In the middle of the back of each endzone are goalposts, through where the ball is kicked to score points. This is known as a field goal, which is worth three points. Carrying or passing the ball successfully into the endzone is called a touchdown, which is worth six points. Then, the team has the opti... ...ave evolved to hard plastic and are equipped with a protective face mask. The shoulder pads are much larger and are also made of plastic and foam, which absorbs much more of the impact. The thigh, hip knee, and tail (commonly known as butt pads) pads are made of foam and prevent the player from injured while being hit in the lower body. The equipment used today is much more safe than it was in the early days of football and has evolved for the better over the years. Football players today have much less to worry about as far as hurting while getting hit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Football is one of the most popular sports today, and for good reasons. The intensity involved is football is unlike any other sport, and this attracts people to football. The way the game has evolved over the years also intrigues audiences to gather around to watch. The sports industry today has become a great part of entertainment in the world. Because football is a very large portion of the sports industry, it is very important to many people. Large groups of people dedicate their entire lives to the game of football and without it, the world would be a completely different place. Sources New World Encyclopedia 1991

Nike: Building a Global Brand

| Nike: Building a Global Brand| MKTG 4082W| | 1. Nike’s brand image, a set of emotions, feelings, and experiences with the brand, developed over time through advertising campaigns and consumer experiences with Nike. The core attributes of Nike’s brand image include high performance, innovation, and aggressiveness. Nike positioned itself as a company that makes products for athletes, by athletes. They tailor their products for serious/winning athletes and also stress their point-of-difference to be performance, as opposed to Reebok, whose point of difference is style.Nike is perceived as a high performance brand and they always make performance a top priority, which is a key building block for their brand image and brand equity. They designed more durable, lightweight shoes that were tailored for runners and allowed them maximize their athletic ability. Nike, from the beginning, was open to input from runners and listened to their needs and wants, sharing their true pas sion for running. By doing this, they were able to design a shoe that performs well and meets the demands of serious athletes.In addition to performance, Nike is an innovative brand and that can be seen by the introduction of innovative products to the market like the Waffle Trainer, Air Max, and Air Jordan shoes. When looking at the Consumer Brand Equity Pyramid (Exhibit A), Nike’s source of brand equity comes mostly from salience and performance. Nike used brand associations in order to establish a positive brand image and build their brand equity by endorsing popular, successful athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. These associations convey the American spirit of competition and winning and work very well in the United States.Nike capitalized on how much Americans idolize their favorite athletes and it once again projected their image of high performance and their dedication to serious athletes. Their advertisement campaigns also helped build their brand equity by increasing awareness, as can be seen with the Air Max, Air Jordan, and Just Do It ads that conveyed powerful brand statements and reflected Nike’s attitudes, while remaining â€Å"provoking and unique. † Nike successfully applied their new marketing formula of blending performance and attitude through strategic product development, endorsements, and advertising, which built their equity.Their perceived quality and brand credibility is based off of high performance and innovation and their brand loyalty is strong as well, stemming from their early relationships with runners to get feedback and input. In addition, they used a â€Å"finger on the pulse† strategy to hit the streets and really find out what was on the minds of consumers, in terms of brand perceptions. Another source of brand equity for Nike is their Swoosh logo and as of 2000, 97% of Americans recognize it. 2. I am not surprised that the irreverence characteristic of Nike advertising in the U. S. id not sit well with many European consumers. The culture in Europe differs from the one in America and European consumers vary in significant ways from Americans. Nike introduced many changes in their marketing mix to tap into the European and Asian markets. They established a grassroots allegiance of local sports teams, mainly with soccer, tennis, and rugby. In addition, they evolved their marketing strategy to a two-tiered approach. Individual markets featured ads with local stars, while all of Europe saw ads that featured popular sports like soccer, tennis, and track.Nike also focused its attention on the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, raising their overall global advertising and promotion budget to $240 million. With the rising popularity of basketball in Europe and Asia, Nike also planned to lead its marketing charge with its strong stable of basketball superstars. In addition, Nike implemented a global advertisement campaign during the 1994 World Cup, recognizing that soccer was the best way to enter new markets. In Asia, Nike abandoned its brash advertising attitude and celebrated local athletes as heroes in their ads.Overall, Nike had a kinder, gentler marketing approach with ads that projected a more international image (use of Tiger Woods and Ronaldo in ads). Nike’s new focus was to be seen as culturally, geographically, and personally relevant to local consumers abroad. I am not surprised that the advertising did not sit well with many Europeans because of the vast difference in the cultural aspects. Europeans saw Nike’s marketing actions as intimidating and too aggressive. Also, the brand did not have the history or heritage in the market and was starting more from scratch.In addition, fashion trends inevitably changed which caused Nike to be behind the curve. 3. To become a global corporation, Nike had to adopt a globalized strategy to build their global brand equity. They did this by broadening their portfolio of athlete endorsements and f ocusing their ad campaigns on different sports that were more popular in those areas. They kept the essence of the brand, the same core values, and stayed consistent with their marketing communications, but tailored to different regions by using local athletes.This was possible because they had 90% control of the marketing advertisement strategies in Europe and were able to stay consistent. As I mentioned before, Nike also sponsored global events like the Olympics and the World Cup, which increased their credibility and awareness on a global scale. Nike also reduced their overwhelming use of the Swoosh logo and their overall aggressiveness in their advertisements. In Asia, Nike was able to improve its brand equity by establishing the Corporate Responsibility Division and celebrating local athletes as heroes in ads. Exhibit A

Child of Rage Essay

In the Documentary â€Å"Child of Rage† a six and-a –half year old girl named Beth was severely traumatized when she was one year old. She started her life in tragedy when her father would sexually molest/abuse her. The result of his actions on Beth caused her to become unattached from people around her, including her brother, John, and he adoptive parents. She developed a consciousness that enabled her to hurt or kill without remorse. The results of Beth’s abuse caused her to have uncontrollable rage, which she took out on herself and her brother, John. As the documentary says she is a child,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦who cannot love or accept love,† (Child of Rage, Gaby Monet, 1990). During Beth’s therapy sessions with Dr. Ken Magid, a clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of severely abused children, she admitted to wanting to hurt her family. She wanted to stab her parents in their sleep. Beth said that the reason she wanted to do this because she did not want to be around people, she did not like people. It was mentioned that the sexual abuse that Beth had experienced as a younger child caused to commit inappropriate sexual acts, mainly against her brother, John. She would also begin to masturbate at inappropriate times and on a regular basis. Along with Signs of incontrollable rage inside of Beth started to show when she killed three baby birds, stuck pins in the household pets and John, pinch, squeeze, or kick John’s penis, would get up in the middle of the night and punch John in the stomach, and finally continuously hit John’s head on the concrete floor in the basement. As time went on without her getting the proper treatment her violent tendencies escaladed. Dr. Magid thought, for the wellbeing of the household, Beth needed to be temporarily separated from her family. So Beth was sent to a home that was run by an expert at raising children with early attachment disorders. At this home Beth began to develop a sense of right and wrong, along with responding to affection, and feels bad when she does something wrong. Beth healed a lot when she was at the special home for early attachment disorder children. Even though she has changed she will still need extensive therapy. Now Beth is about thirty years old and is doing very well for herself working as a pediatric nurse. She also currently works with adoptive mother, Nancy Thomas, and her company Families by Design promoting Attachment Therapy and its parenting methods through lectures and material sales. Beth, Nancy, and Terena Thomas co-authored the book Dandelion on My Pillow, Butcher Knife Below (2004). Beth Thomas sells DVDs of these films, along with her presentation on â€Å"Attachment Disorder† and Attachment Therapy parenting methods which she credits her mother with inventing. Amount of missing children under the age of 5 in the country: 800,000 kids reported missing every year. That is 2,000 children missing every day. Resources â€Å"Advocates for Children in Therapy† Beth Thomas, Original Text Material Copyright 2003-2011. Retrieved from: http://www.childrenintherapy.org/proponents/thomasb.html â€Å"Child of Rage† Documentary, Gaby Monet, featuring Beth, John, Nancy, and Tim Thomas. Year 1990. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2-Re_Fl_L4 â€Å"Missing Children Statistics: At A Glance† Stop Predators. Protect Kids. United States of America. Copyright 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.child-safety-for-parents.com/missing-children-statistics.html

To kill a mockingbird - boo radley [updated] essays

To kill a mockingbird - boo radley [updated] essays In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird the children develops a strange relationship with a mysterious character known as Boo Radley. Jean Louise Finch, known as Scout with her brother Jeremey Finch, known as Jem, and their friend Charles Baker Harris are drawn to Boo Radley because of the mystery that dominates him and the Radleys house and, of course their own curiosity. Although the relationship starts out of fear and mystery, that is mostly created by superstitious gossip of the neighbours, the understanding of Boo Radley increases as time passes, until the monster that is Boo, is transformed into a human being, which is his real nature. While the background of the Boo Radley legend may be true, the reader can see that the superstitions of him being a monster is hard to believe and there is much more to Boo Radley. From the neghbours in Maycomb, background of Boo Radley is generally the same. Long ago, Mr. and Mrs. Radley sometimes ventured out into town, but usually kept to themselves at home. They worshiped at home as well. The Radleys had two sons, Aurthur Radley and Nathan Radley. Aurthur Radley joined a group of boys, that resembled that of a gang. They committed rude and sometimes wicked deeds, but nobody told Aurthurs father about his behaviour. One night, the boys resisted arrest and locked Mr. Conner, a guard, in the courthouse outhouse. They came before the jury where Mr. Radley denied sending Aurthur to the industrial school, and promised the judge that he will give no more trouble. Aurthur Radley was locked in his house by his father as punishment and fifteen years passed since. Although this is the true story behind the legend, Jem, Scout and Dill, however, hears rumors that came from Miss Stephanie Crawford, the towns gossip. One of these rumors was an incident that happened when Aurthur was around thirty years old. It was said that Aurthur was sitting on the sofa cutti...

The Characters in All My Sons by Arthur Miller

The Characters in All My Sons by Arthur Miller Arthur Millers drama All My Sons asks a tough question: How far should a man go to secure his familys well-being? The play delves into deeply moral issues regarding our obligations to our fellow man. Divided into three acts, the story unfolds in the following manner: Act One: The friendly Keller household is introduced.Act Two: The truth about Joe Keller is revealed.Act Three: After facing the truth, the characters make final choices. Like other works by Arthur Miller, All My Sons is a critique of an overzealously capitalistic society. It shows what happens when humans are ruled by greed. It demonstrates how self-denial cannot last forever. And it is Arthur Millers characters who bring these themes to life. Joe Keller Joe seems like the traditional, amiable 1940s father figure. Throughout the play, Joe presents himself as a man who deeply loves his family but also has great pride in his business. Joe Keller has been running a successful factory for decades. During World War II, his business partner and neighbor, Steve Deever noticed some faulty airplane parts about to be shipped for use by the U.S. military. Steve says that he contacted Joe who ordered that shipment, but Joe denies this, saying that he was home sick that day. By the plays end, the audience discovers the dark secret Joe has been concealing: Joe decided to send the parts through because he was afraid that admitting the companys mistake would destroy his business and his familys financial stability. He allowed the sale of faulty airplane parts to be shipped to the frontline, resulting in the death of twenty-one pilots. After the cause of the deaths was discovered, both Steve and Joe were arrested. Claiming his innocence, Joe was exon erated and released and the entire blame shifted to Steve who remains in jail. Like many other characters within the play, Joe is capable of living in denial. It is not until the plays conclusion that he ultimately faces his own guilty conscience - and then he chooses to destroy himself rather than deal with the consequences of his actions. Larry Keller Larry was Joes oldest son. The audience does not learn too many details about Larry; the character dies during the war, and the audience never meets him - no flashbacks, no dream sequences. However, we do hear his final letter to his girlfriend. In the letter, he reveals his feeling of disgust and disappointment towards his father. The content and tone of the letter suggest that perhaps Larrys death was due to combat. Perhaps life was no longer worth living because of the shame and anger he felt. Kate Keller A devoted mother, Kate still holds on to the possibility that her son Larry is alive. She believes that one day they will receive word that Larry was only wounded, perhaps in a coma, unidentified. Basically, she is waiting for a miracle to arrive. But theres something else about her character. She holds onto the belief that her son lives because if he perished during the war, then (she believes) her husband is responsible for her sons death. Chris Keller In many ways, Chris is the most admirable character in the play. He is a former World War II soldier, so he knows firsthand what it was like to face death. Unlike his brother, and the many men who died (some of them because of Joe Kellers faulty airplane parts), he managed to survive. He plans to marry his late brothers former girlfriend, Ann Deever. Yet, he is very respectful about his brothers memory, as well as the conflicting feelings of his fiancà ©. He also has come to terms with the death of his brother and hopes that his mother will soon be able to peacefully accept the sad truth. Finally, Chris, like so many other young men, idealizes his father. His strong love for his father makes the revelation of Joes guilt all the more heart-wrenching. Ann Deever As mentioned above, Ann is in an emotionally fragile situation. Her boyfriend Larry was missing in action during the war. For months she hoped that he had survived. Gradually, she came to terms with Larrys death, eventually finding renewal and love in Larrys younger brother, Chris. However, since Kate (Larrys seriously-in-denial Mom) believes that her eldest son is still alive, she is mortified when she discovers that Ann and Chris plan to marry. On top of all this tragedy/romance material, Ann also laments the disgrace of her father (Steve Deever), whom she believes is the sole criminal, guilty of selling faulty parts to the military. (Thus, theres great dramatic tension, as the audience waits to see how Ann will react when she discovers the truth: Steve isnt the only guilty one. Joe Keller is guilty too!) George Deever Like many of the other characters, George (brother of Ann, son of Steve) believed that his father was guilty. However, after finally visiting in father in prison, he now believes that Keller was in fact primarily responsible for the death of the pilots and that his father Steve Deever should not be the only one in jail. George also served during World War II, thus giving him a greater stake in the drama, for he is not only seeking justice for his family, but for his fellow soldiers.

Fire service administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Fire service administration - Essay Example The case also comprised of varied civil cases, for instance, relatives of the dead and survivors who accused the then chief fire inspector for fraud and negligence. They state that he inspected the club at least twice and never indicated any faults made by the club owners in the club thus facilitating to the spreading of fire. Another civil case in the incidence is that of two brothers who owned the club accusing the white band floor using pyrotechnics without their permission. The latter equipments sparked up the fire before spread by the highly flammable flame. In the station nightclub fire, several functions of the US federal law to incidence like that are evident. For instance, the law ought to ensure safety of all its citizens everywhere at all times. For instance, the law required that station nightclub ought to have fitted certain safety equipments in the premises to combat occurrence of any such fatal incidences. The law also ought to be just and fair to all citizens. Certain accused parties like Michael and Jeffrey Derderian did not receive just sentences from their faults that spearheaded the ordeal. Public law generally encompasses of regulations set up by the federal regime and applies to all citizens in the government’s jurisdiction. These laws are set up by the government to oversee interactions between citizens and the state. However, in accordance to the United States criminal justice system private laws, it entails guidelines, standard operation procedures as well as regulations agreed upon by certain private entities to oversee their interoperations. Besides, the US government according to US federal constitution requires that certain social settings to attain a specific standard of safety requirements. According to station nightclub fire case, fitting of sprinklers in the club ought to be there as part of the