An Empty World To A Full World Environmental Sciences Essay

An Empty World To A Full World Environmental Sciences Essay For much of human history, the human population was low; its ability to harvest or extract natural resources and harness energy was within the carrying capacity of the biosphere; and anthropogenic waste, both quantitatively and qualitatively, was within the capacity of ecosystem sinks to absorb. As human population has grown and technology has advanced, consumption of resources and production of waste have vastly exceeded sustainable levels and now threaten to overwhelm ecosystem functions. An economic system designed for a world of unlimited resources and unlimited sinks is no longer functional in a world of finite resources and overflowing sinks. Prize-winning economist and former Senior Environmental Economist at the World Bank Herman Daly (born 1938) has devoted much of his professional life to creating a new conceptual framework for understanding the implications of these changes. Daly coined the term empty world to mean our earlier, if erroneous, view of the human role in relat ion to the biosphere and its resources, and full world to describe the present reality. In an empty world, it was possible to view human activity and the human economy as all encompassing, and the ecosystem as a subset of the economy, valuable primarily for its ability to supply throughput in the form of energy and stock-fund resources. When labor and human artifacts the things people make were in scarce supply, they were the limiting factors in human and economic development. Much of the focus of human endeavor was therefore on developing an infrastructure of technology to efficiently turn natural resources into needed manmade capital and artifacts. Throughput flowed from an apparently limitless abundance of resources to environmental sinks so apparently infinite that their services in absorbing and assimilating waste were not even assigned economic value or ownership. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR A FULL WORLD This picture is no longer realistic. The global economy, driven by surging population and consumption levels, has depleted both renewable and nonrenewable resources and degraded the air, water and land surfaces in the process. The ability of the biosphere to absorb and process the waste generated by economic processes is rapidly becoming overwhelmed. As natural capital is drawn down, we lose the very ecosystem services on which we rely to sequester carbon, regulate atmospheric gases, maintain climate, control flooding and erosion, form new soils, and recycle nutrients. [is this mine?] [full world graphic] This is the critical flaw in economic theory: it fails to take into account how economic processes consume resources and generate wastes, deplete resources and reduce assimilative capacities. Herman DalyNeoclassical economics was based on a preanalytic vision of unlimited growth unconstrained by questions of resource depletion or overwhelmed sinks. The framework for dealing with the new full world paradigm is provided by the emerging transdisciplinary field of ecological economics. If traditional, or neoclassical, economics is the study of the allocation of scarce resources among competing interests using the market as the mechanism of distribution, then ecological economics is the study of how to balance competing needs for resources justly and sustainably among competing human and environmental interests within the constraints and limitations of the biosphere. While neoclassical economics has defined human welfare as the ability to satisfy wants, ecological economics searches for ways to reduce and redistribute consumption. Where neoclassical economics sees growth as a panacea, ecological economics, with its awareness of finite resources, sees growth as the problem. Where neoclassical economics measures progress in terms of per capita income and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), ecological economics utilizes alternative indicators of development such as the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). ECONOMIC CONCEPTS Some of the concepts which have emerged from ecological economics which are useful in understanding the full world paradigm are: Sustainable Scale is the level of consumption at which the economy functions within the bounds of biophysical carrying capacity, without drawing on natural capital. Optimal Scale is a concept from macroeconomics meaning the point at which marginal costs are equal to marginal benefits, ie the cost of producing a unit of product is equal to the benefit received. This concept can be extended to environmental impacts and social consequences as well. Uneconomic Growth All economic activities involve the throughput of materials and energy and a consequent cost to the environment. When the value of the natural capital being taken from the system is greater than the value of the manmade capital which is generated, Daly it uneconomic growth. This is a specific application of optimal scale to ecological economics. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS Natural Capital to draw an analogy from the monetary system, the ecological system can be visualized as being built upon a store of natural capital which yields interest in the form of natural resources and ecosystem services. If we are careful to live on the interest, the capital will last forever. When we dip into capital, as when we extract nonrenewable resources, overuse renewable resources, or overwhelm sinks, future income is reduced. Ecosystem Services The interactions of the plants, animals and resources within an ecosystem, and the results of those interactions, are called ecosystem functions. When an ecosystem function has a value to human beings, we call it an ecosystem service. In an empty world, ecosystem services were treated as open-access free goods. In a full world, ecosystem services are increasingly valuable. CAUSES OF A FULL WORLD HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH Sometime in July 2011, a baby will be born who brings the living human population of this planet to 7 billion. Using an exponential growth model, at our current 1.17% rate of growth, the population would be projected to double from 7 billion to 14 billion people in another 58 years. Although the historic population growth curve exhibits the classic hockey stick shape of exponential growth, most population scientists believe that a logistic growth equation, which adds calculations for death rates and ?, is a better model for predicting the future growth of the human population. Due to OVERCONSUMPTION LIVING IN A FULL WORLD SOURCE LIMITS Source limits: (see definition of source in Daly glossary, pg 440: That part of the environment that supplies usable raw materials that constitute he throughput by which the economy produces, and which ultimately returns as was to environmental sinks. ) Hubbert curve (graphic?) and resource scarcity (this will be a substantial section). I need to understand Hubbert curves. Check to see whether the graphics in EOE are sourced outside and write for permission to include an outside graphic. Vocab: depletion, Hubbert curve, The other huge change in carrying capacity is related to the new scarcity of natural resources. Economics has great difficulty in acting on the new scarcity and limits to growth. Distribution is also a problem with natural resources. RENEWABLE RESOURCES For every economically significant renewable resource, from forests to fisheries, the rate of extraction is now limited by scarcity, not by a lack of technology or equipment to extract it.-Herman Daly The term renewable resources is deceptive in a full world. If a resource is theoretically renewable but is being depleted faster than it can regenerate, the resource will eventually become exhausted. The worlds forests and fisheries are already critically depleted and are being consumed faster than they can regenerate. This issue has been called the tragedy of the commons.[link?] As stocks of a resource fall, it is in the common interest for individuals to use less. However, the individual forester, or the individual fisherman, has a family to feed and an investment in equipment which require that he continue to take as much of the resource as possible. Resources already depleted from overconsumption face additional threats from environmental degradation and climate change. Renewable resources depend heavily on ecosystem services such as rain. In turn, depletion of the natural capital through resource exhaustion threatens the ecosystem of which those populations are a part, thereby putting the ecosystem services provided by that ecosystem at risk. [graphic of this cycle] WATER Water occupies a unique position, not only because it is essential to life on the planet and plays a pivotal role in so many environmental processes, but because it has properties of both renewable and nonrenewable resources. Although the amount of water on earth is considered to be finite, the natural hydrologic cycle cleans and redistributes the supply in what have, until recently, been fairly predictable patterns. Human activities have made significant direct changes in the availability and distribution of water resources through pumping of aquifers, and the redirection, cooption, and pollution of natural flows of surface water. Human activity has also begun to make noticeable indirect changes in the distribution of rainfall and surface water through climate change. Water shortages may become the defining crisis for much of the worlds population in less time than it will take to test other facets of planetary carrying capacity. Worldwide, climate-related changes in rainfall are already being felt. A recent study by the Environmental Defense Fund, which added climate change projections to existing models of population growth and human water consumption patterns shows that 70% of the United States will be at risk for water shortages by the year 2050. In 35% of the country, the crisis is expected to be severe. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES Every resource on the planet is limited to what is already here, with the exception of energy, which falls onto the earth at a fixed rate in the form of sunlight. This wealth is called natural capital. Some resources are nonrenewable, such as minerals [needs work] M. King Hubbart, a petroleum geologist, demonstrated that if you create a graph for the cumulative extraction of a nonrenewable resource over time, plotting the total extraction for a given period on a vertical axis, and time on the horizontal axis, the graph will form a bell curve starting at zero, before extraction began, rising gradually to a peak, and falling off again as the resource is depleted. The area under the curve measures the total available resource reserves. This type of graph is called a Hubbert curve. As the richest and most readily available resources are extracted first, many other mineral and other nonrenewable resources are now at or approaching peak on their respective Hubbart curves. [graph] FOSSIL FUELS AND ENERGY Fossil fuels are currently the predominant energy source in the world and a major component in vast numbers of manufactured products, from fertilizer and pesticides to plastic. Fossil fuels drive both the world economy and, through the release of greenhouse gases during combustion, climate change. A Hubbart curve demonstrates that oil production has peaked worldwide and is on the downward side of the curve. While oil reserves remain in the ground, both as crude and in oil shales, extraction of these reserves will be increasingly difficult and expensive, while the quality of the available reserves will decrease, requiring more technology to refine. SINK LIMITS Every economic activity produces waste. At one time, the earths ability to absorb waste was imagined to be unlimited. However, the sheer quantity of anthropogenic waste, much of which has no natural processes developed to break it down, means that land, air and water-based ecosystems are overwhelmed. Waste, of course, occurs during natural processes. However, the post-industrial waste stream has changed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative changes are due to human population and excessive consumption of manufactured goods. Anthropogenic waste includes chemicals and compounds not found in nature, naturally occurring substances purified or concentrated beyond what would be found in nature, and chemicals and minerals previously sequestered underground, has created a qualitative change in anthropogenic waste CARBON SINKS All living things are made up of carbons. Plants uptake waste carbon in the form of CO2 from the air and use it as building blocks, storing the carbon until it is released again through decay or combustion after the death of the plant. This process is called carbon sequestration. The cumulative ability of the earths plant life, as well as the phytoplankton in the oceans, to sequester carbon is called the carbon sink. Mathematicians are working to calculate the total capacity of the carbon sink. Excess carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. While debates occur over the exact amount of carbon which can be sequestered in the earths carbon sinks, the rising levels of atmospheric CO2 responsible for climate change are evidence that anthropogenic CO2 emissions are exceeding the capacity of the biospheric carbon sink. CLIMATE CHANGE CARRYING CAPACITY The total impact of the human population on the environment is dependent on the combination of the number of people and their per capita consumption of resources. Thus estimates of global carrying capacity are highly variable and controversial. The carrying capacity of the earth means the number of people who can be supported at a given rate of consumption with a given level of technology. Currently, 9.5 billion is considered to be the conservative estimate of the carrying capacity of the planet for human population, with some theorizing upper limits as high as 50 billion. However, it should be remembered that with a population approaching 7 billion today, over 1 billion people are chronically hungry or malnourished. One person dies of starvation every 3.6 seconds. Over the next decade, water issues are likely to be the largest threat to ecosystems and human survival in many parts of the globe. Estimates of the planets ability to support vast population increases assume empty-world a ccess to unlimited resources, a continued supply of ecosystem services, and development of new and unspecified technologies, which may or may not be consistent with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. [one planet-6 planets graphic] While waste and distribution problems play a part in the one billion people who are currently starving on Earth, it is highly unlikely that the planet can sustain another 7 billion with any reasonable quality of life. Estimates of the carrying capacity of the earth vary from 9.5 billion to 50 billion, but in point of fact, we have been drawing on reserves of many of the earths nonrenewable resources since 1980, when the earth only supported 3.5 billion people. This is analogous to spending the principle out of a savings account rather than drawing only the interest. It is likely that 3.5 billion is the number of people which the planet can comfortably support. FOOD The future of food production depends on human population, the impact of population growth on arable land, climate and weather, rates of topsoil depletion and degradation, and how decreasing stocks of oil will be allocated between the energy sector and the agricultural sector CHANGING THE PARADIGMS It is clear that we live in a full world and probably have for over a generation. It is imperative that we reduce both human population and levels of consumption, end the use of fossil fuels, and develop technologies to recycle close to 100% of scarce minerals and other resources, and focus on non-consumptive measures of quality of life. This will require a new economic paradigm. The neoclassical model, built on the empty world view of constant increases in system throughput, must be revisioned to conceptualize ways to optimize human welfare at or below current levels of throughput. This will require an emphasis on development rather than growth planet-wide, and reductions in consumption levels in the developed world. THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES The interactions of the plants, animals and resources within an ecosystem, and the results of those interactions, are called ecosystem functions. When an ecosystem function has a value to human beings, we call it an ecosystem service. These interactions are vast, complex, and incompletely understood, but without the natural ecosystems which surround us, we would have no air to breathe, no rain to water crops, no ability to assimilate any of the CO2 and other greenhouse gasses generated by human activity. Even the insects which pollinate our crops are an ecosystem service. Maintaining the requirements of life for other species is often seen in terms of the threat to competing human interests and becomes the focus of intense controversy. Because of the complexity of ecosystems, the subtle nature of the services they provide, and the fact that small losses to the web of life which makes up the living portion of the ecosystem often seem, at least at a casual glance, to have caused no damage, we have been slow to develop any system of valuation for ecosystem services. Efforts to assign value to natural capital have focused instead on stock-fund resources lumber, fish, maple syrup, pharmaceuticals, and crops. When environmental damage threatens a stock-fund resource, an industry, which represents a section of the economy, is threatened, and that is worthy of response, if only because if it is an industry, it has lobbyists and voters. Ecosystem services to the planet are reduced when their structural components are harvested as resources, and by unsustainable or toxic waste. One benefit of defining ecosystem services as services in the economic sense is that it places these services on a par with other economic services CONCLUSION SOURCES: Development, Heresy, And The Ecological Revolution:An open letter to the industrialized world by David C. Korten, Dancing Toward The Future (IC#32),Summer 1992, Page 30, The Context Institute An Essay on the Principle of Population by T. R. Malthus. 1798. _________

Garvey

Brandi Faulk English 421 Dr. Tiffany Adams February 15, 2013 The Man Himself Many people wonder who Marcus Garvey is. He was born a raised in St. Ann Bay Jamaica. During his young life Garvey was not aware of any racial segregation of whites and blacks. However, he had a few childhood friends. At the age of fourteen Garvey was called a â€Å"nigga† by one of his white friends and he was told that he could never be able to see his white friends again. Because of this incident, Garvey eyes were open to all of the racism surrounding him.Also because of this incident, he was no long close to any white people and racism and inequality became prevalent forces in Marcus’s life. As far as working Marcus as forced to work in labor because his parents were intellectuals, and the work was not cut out for then in the industrial country of Jamaica. Marcus and his sister, Indiana were forced to work in order for the family to have enough money to survive. In the 1910’s Marcus made a name for himself in Jamaica as an accomplished printer, writer, and politician.He joined The National Club, which was the first organization in Jamaica that introduced anti-colonial thinking into Jamaica. In inequality that Marcus encountered in the world outside of lower schools in Jamaica of inequality and hatred for black men. He then decided to leave Jamaica to see if blacks were treated the same way in other countries. For the next two years Garvey decided to travel around Central America to experience the black condition in several countries. Throughout his traveling experience he realize that the same conditions he found in Jamaica were the same as the one’s in Central America.He then decided to go further and decided to go a visit England. However, he was pleasantly surprised. In this particular the blacks in England were segregated like in the west. Later in life Marcus decided to move to the United States after the UNIA was established in Jamaica. Garvey felt the need that he needed to start a branch in Harlem to promote is ideas in the United States. Garvey saw Africa as having fallen from a past greatness that had to be restored for peoples of African descent to resume their rightful place in the world. Such redemption could only be achieved by black peoples themselves.After his idea remain the same , he started advocating the ideas of black. nationalists; that some blacks should move back to Africa, in order to protect Africa from imperialism. Garvey took action to begin to take blacks back to Africa. He started the Black Star Shipping Company in 1919. The company took two boatloads of people to Liberia, but had to stop after management problems. This has been coined the â€Å"back to Africa† movement. (UCLA) However, Garvey’s intent with the â€Å"back to Africa† movement was not to lead all blacks back to Africa.Rather, he thought that a strong African center of black power would protect blacks all over the wor ld from imperialism. The UNIA in the United States attracted a very large following. The membership was in the millions. The ideology of the UNIA attracted a strong working class following. The fraternal feeling and self-help ideas attracted many blacks that felt as if whites would never change to the point of equality. The working class felt the pressure of oppression most of all African-Americans. There was a small following from the black intelligentsia, but the majority of them followed W.E. B. Dubois and the NAACP. The religious content of the UNIA also appealed very strongly to people. UNIA meetings were structured like church services with prayers, services, and singing. Garvey told followers to â€Å"reject the white image of Jesus and God†.. The religion gave followers an even stronger sense of brotherhood and pride. The UNIA also had a women’s chapter, so it attracted a strong women’s following as well The UNIA appealed broadly across the African-Ameri can community through the use fraternity, religion, ideology, and an appeal to women.Garvey saw Africa as having fallen from a past greatness that had to be restored for peoples of African descent to resume their rightful place in the world. Such redemption could only be achieved by black peoples themselves In the early 1920’s is when the struggle for African American was real. During this time is when slavery was abolished, blacks were still oppresses and they were still no way equal to whites. However black people were staring to make some progress towards racial equality. During this time was a strong African American movement to further the black race.A prominent movement was lead by W. E. B Dubious. His focus was on education blacks to create quality. However on the other hand from the political spectrum was a man by the name of Marcus Garvey. In his movement he led the movement for blacks to unite as a race against oppression. The background has a strong impact on his b elief which acted as catalyst for his life’s work. The involvement has a strong influence on the black population and the African-American civil rights movement of the 1920’s.Marcus Garvey grew up in poverty, surrounded by the struggle of blacks to gain political, economic, and social equality. He devoted his life’s work to end of these struggles. He developed a set of beliefs that influenced many people and encouraged many blacks to put forth extra effort to get ahead. Marcus Garvey and the UNIA is the largest African-American movement to date. Garvey’s legacy has also been manifest in the careers of leaders ranging from Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana to Malcolm X in the United States.Borne along on the tide of black popular culture, Garvey’s memory has attained the status of a folk myth. He is daily celebrated and recreated as a hero through the storytelling faculty of the black oral tradition. As the embodiment of that oral tradition transmuted into mus ical performance, Jamaica’s reggae music exhibits an amazing fixation with the memory of Garvey. Re-evoking spiritual exile and the historic experience of black dispossession, the music of such performers as Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Burning Spear presents a Garvey who speaks from the past directly to the present.The result today is that the legend of Garvey functions as an icon of universal black pride and affirmation Reference Garvey, Marcus. The UNIA Papers Project. http://www. isop. ucla. edu/mgpp/lifesamp. htm. 1925 Sewell, Tony. Garvey’s Children: The Legacy of Marcus Garvey. Trenton:Africa World Press, Inc. , 1990. Stein, Judith. The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1986

John’s Descriptions

Jon’s descriptions may be defined as the only Revelation that describes Antichrist. It is known that this word is not used in other Revelations. Religious communities are interested in revealing who Antichrist is and what influence he has had on religious development and bible compilation. However, Apostle John is the only person who pays attention to Antichrist. John writes that Antichrist is coming: â€Å"Little children, it is the last hour; and as you have heard that the Antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have come, by which we know that it is the last hour. They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would have continued with us; but they went out that they might be made manifest, that none of them were of us†. (1 John 2:18, 19) When John was writing the movement was already present and, therefore, John uses present to prove that the last hour has come. John defines ‘antichrists’ as ex-church member who has abandoned their faith. It means that Antichrist was a Christian, but it was no single individual. Antichrist is liar who denies Jesus the Christ, as well as Father and the Son. John writes that he is not pleased with such people as they have betrayed the real faith. The God can’t be a spirit that denies Jesus Christ. Such spirit is Antichrist and he is present in the world: â€Å"For many deceivers have gone out into the world who do not confess Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh. This is a deceiver and an antichrist†. (2 John 1:7) The teachings of Antichrist aimed at showing that Jesus had not come in the flesh. Many people believed that Christ was divine, but erroneous belief that flesh was evil prevented them from faith expansion. John argues that humanity and divinity of Jesus Christ are central to Christian faith.

The Legal And Ethical Obligation Confidentiality Of Hiv...

Exceptions to the legal and ethical obligation to maintain the confidentiality of HIV-related information exist. For example, health care providers in the U.S. have a duty to report HIV infections and AIDS cases to public health authorities. The benefits to the public health of this reporting are felt to outweigh the risk to individuals. Reporting of AIDS cases has always included the patient s name and other identifying information. Although reporting of HIV infections initially was not done by name, there has been a recent and controversial movement in the U.S. toward name-based reporting of HIV infection. The debate over name-based reporting has focused on the need for more accurate epidemiological information regarding the spread of†¦show more content†¦What would you prefer? An infected surgeon or no surgeon at all. It s yet another example of the way in which well-meaning officials in a distant land can write policy guidelines which are worse than useless in a poor nat ion. But in the wealthiest nations where there is near hysteria at times over these issues, contact tracing is the standard response of a hospital when they find out a surgeon has HIV. Perhaps the most difficult dilemma occurs when there are conflicts between the clinician’s values and the client s behaviors. Professionals know that if a client threatens suicide or homicide, there is a duty to report. But most of the daily concerns that arise are not so simple. Ethical issues come up in numerous, seemingly insignificant ways. Also, I feel fidelity is a fairly simple concept that can be violated easily. When a substance abuse treatment counselor takes on a client, there is an implicit contract with the client. The contract assumes that the counselor will work to resolve the client s concerns and that information will be shared in a truthful manner between the counselor and the client. By having the client sign consent forms, the counselor is promising that the information provided will remain confidential to anyone who is not listed on the form. The client agrees to follow the agency s rules. In a professional manner I would while strongly advocating ART as the best course of action for HIV/AIDS patients, physicians mustShow MoreRelatedCounseling: An Ethical Dilemma with HIV/AIDS Essay example2398 Words   |  10 Pagessensitive information about themselves. Many times when a person is coming in for counseling the individual is vulnerable and looking to improve the quality of life. This is the reason why confidentiality is highly important in therapy. It is an essential piece that helps to create a rapport and relationship between the client and therapist. One area in which it is extremely important to explore confidentiality is when clients have HIV/AIDS and there is a third party involved. 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Suggested Citation The Joint Commission: Advancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care: A Roadmap for Hospitals. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: The Joint Commission, 2010. For more information about The Joint Commission, please visit http://www.jointcommission.org. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................vii Introduction ................

The History Of Surgery Surgery - 1581 Words

Kyla Oldham Mrs. Morgan 12A Research Paper 10/1/15 The History of Surgery We’ve come a long way in medicine but the beginning was rough and painful. But what is surgery? Surgery is a profession defined by its authority to cure by means of bodily invasion. The risks of cutting into a living human being have always been feared, the benefits have only climbed slowly up and soon started to show improvements. But the changes to surgery have proved the development of the human races ability to heal their own. Surgery today is probably no longer the most feared medical procedure. Many people will eventually need surgery and have to go under the knife. Now many people think of surgery to be safe, painless and a now a reliable way to cure us from†¦show more content†¦When the ancient Greeks discovered iron they started to carve these new tools from it. It allowed the surgeons to even out bones that have been broken. One thing that would have concerned me about these tools since they were being used in surgery is the sanitation of the tools. In this time period civilization wasn’t exactly â€Å"clean†. An unclean surgical that is not properly cleaned can be very dangerous. The tool that has not been cleaned can spread diseases easily and also give other people nasty infections. The Romans picked up â€Å"surgery lessons† from gladiator schools. The Romans used turpentine and pitch as antiseptics. In my opinion they shouldn’t use turpentine because it is not the best option to use in medicine. Turpentine is bad for the body if not used properly. It contains cadmium and manganese which are very toxic metals. The limit of antiseptics and anesthetics put a huge hold on surgery. But most of the time the ones they did use often killed the patient. Surgeons did not go to college to study they just learned from common practicing surgeons. In the Medieval Times barbers also practiced surgery. The barber’s main practice was called bloodletting and tooth extraction. Bloodletting is the process of draining blood from the body to reduce illness. Medieval surgeons traveled around the Country. Barbers also cared for soldiers while on their travels also treat peopleShow MoreRelatedEssay on History of Cosmetic Surgery1655 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Cosmetic/Plastic Surgery COM150 Plastic surgery is a medical specialty dealing with on the correction or restoring of external damage to the body. The word plastic comes from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape (Answers, 2010). Cosmetic surgery involves techniques to enhance the appearance through surgical and medical techniques. I will also investigate the most popular surgery procedures of the last couple years. 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Retrieved April 09, 2016, from http://uh7qf6fd4h.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalrft.genre=articlerft.atitle=The Marriage of Plastic Surgery and Social Media: A Relationship to Last a Lifetimerft.jtitle=Aesthetic Surgery Journalrft.au=Camp, Steven Mrft.au=Mills,Read MoreThe Contributions of Doctor Gordon Buck1322 Words   |  5 Pagesperson has left their footprint in the sand? What does a person have to do in order for the ir name to be remembered? A person has made their mark in history when their action affects how people live and think in the years to come. History is made when an individual has greatly influenced the way people live on a day to day basis. A person has made history when it is apparent that they have greatly shaped the way people think and the thoughts that they have about the world around them. 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Gender Socialization Is The Aspect Of Socialization

Gender socialization plays a part in pay gap within societies and America today. Gender socialization instills thoughts, behaviors, and attitudes into individuals throughout the lifespan. As a result, the outcomes of gender socialization, not only, prepares society for pay gap, but also prepares individuals to implement a gap in pay in relation to gender throughout societies. The discussion that ensues explains gender socialization and the impacts this has on, both, individuals and society in general. These stigmas are also related to the ongoing issue of pay gap present in societies today. â€Å"Gender socialization is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a†¦show more content†¦Her toys may include, a baby doll, a kitchen, and a nurses outfit. These purchases imply appropriate behaviors of girls should be nurturing, homemakers, their success is acceptable at medial levels, and fall inline with appropriate behaviors. Kids television shows are often grouped and targeted towards either boys or girls. Advertising and packaging is also gender geared. Little boys are not depicted on commercials as playing with a baby doll, as little girls are not on commercials with a tool belt on and a hammer in their hand. Even when a parent is shopping on an internet site for toys, the option to filter these toys as girl toys and boy toys is given. This instills innate competition, or a clear division of what is appropriate for girls and what is considered appropriate for boys. â€Å"Through t he process of gender socialization we learn which attitudes and behaviors are considered to be appropriate for girls and boys, men and women, in a particular society.† (Kendall 92). 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The movie â€Å"Consuming Kids† that the class watched depicts how the media hasRead MoreEssay about Socialization and the Learning of Gender Roles886 Words   |  4 PagesThe term socialization refers to the â€Å"lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture.† [Macionis et al. p 55] The concept of socialization is that our actions are driven/learned by culture. Socialization is also the foundation of personality, which we build by internalizing our surroundings. Through the lifelong process of socialization, society transmits culture from one generation to the next. A good example of socialization is the learning of genderRead MoreThe Issue Of Gender Roles883 Words   |  4 Pagesnot to get her dress dirty or that she is pretty, the parents implement and adopt unintentionally the gender roles imposed by society, and this is generally done really early in one’s lifetime. 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And although agents of socialization can aid us in understanding how to behave properly, the process can beRead MoreSocial Constructionism And Biological Determinism1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe ideology that gender is socially constructed is a view that has been present in a number of philosophical, sociological and psychological theories. This view shares an understanding that gender is a product of enculturation through a prescribed ideal, as well as determines what is considered socially appropriate behaviour for a person of a specific gender. Society is shaped globally through social order. Ea ch culture and society share a social order that is defined as a particular set of customs

Organizational Culture Firm Effectiveness -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizational Culture Firm Effectiveness? Answer: Introduction: In the current scenario, organizational or corporate culture creates a major impact on the overall performance of the company. It affects the firms overall financial performance. Culture is the core values, beliefs, attitudes and behavior of the organization (Gregory et al. 2009). Most of the successful organizations in the recent times have attributed their success to their firms effective culture management. The report highlights the relationship between the organizational culture and performance of the company, from a financial perspective. The way people are treated within the organization directly affect the way they treat their customers that also affects the organizations financial performance (Flamholtz 2001). Corporate culture creates a positive influence on the decision-making and behavior of the firm. Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. The journal sets out to highlight the concept of organizational culture and its efficiency in the current ever-increasing competitive environment. The journal is made to draw interests for both the practitioners as well as academic professionals. As per Aktas, Cicek and Krynak (2011), the factors responsible for affecting the organizational efficiency are researched with increased significance. According to the authors, organizational culture is a vital factor that affects the organizational efficiency due to its various types, which is to be researched. The section is based on the relationship between organizational efficiency and culture. Its effect of variability or stability in regards to internal and external environment is investigated. Moreover, the power of all the leaders, stimulation, and the values about their self direction is also been ascertained. In this section 40 organizational founders or top managers are therefore selected for the sampling process in the health sec tor. The method used to gather all the information is done through questionnaire technique and is primary and reliable source for data collection. The findings obtained from the analysis explores the types of organizational culture are directly related to few of the dimensions of organizational efficiency (Akta?, icek and K?yak 2011). It is seen that the values of organizational leaders in the form of stimulation and self-direction plays a crucial role on the stability of organizational environment. Siehl, C. and Martin, J., 1989.Organizational culture: A key to financial performance?. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. The article showcases the importance of organizational culture, which has dramatically increased since the last few decades. According to Siehl and Martin (1989), the right set of culture creates high morale, intense commitment and excitement towards the organization and its objective. The authors questions on the unsubstantiated link between financial performance and organizational culture. As per the authors 62 well established financial firms are taken to identify the strong link between specified strong superior and culture performance. In the second version, the direct relation between various aspects of superior and cultural financial performance is also determined. The contingency argument that links culture to performance has also been proposed. It is significant to point out that culture literature assumes that organizational culture is vital to impair organizational effectiveness, which negatively impacts their financial performance. The methods to conduct the analysis were apparently unstructured and open-ended. An implicit bias leads many researchers to advocate the organizational relationship in the absence of empirical support to gather the reliable data. As the organizational culture is very effective variable to determine the performance of the organization in the current times. Yilmaz, C. and Ergun, E., 2008. Organizational culture and firm effectiveness: An examination of relative effects of culture traits and the balanced culture hypothesis in an emerging economy.Journal of world business,43(3), pp.290-306. According to the authors Yilmaz and Ergun (2018) organizational culture and performance are interdependent. The article explores the impact of four main culture traits affecting the organization. This includes consistency, involvement, mission and adaptability. The article evaluates the firm effectiveness by using data sources gathered from manufacturing firms in Turkey. The author hypothesizes that each of the cultural trait exerts positive effects the firm overall performance. Moreover, it is viewed that a balanced combination of the vital four traits would lead to superior organizational performance compared to empirical testing imbalanced combinations. The outcome indicates that mission trait is significant of all the traits in relation to the growth of firms overall performance, market shares, sales and ROA. The firms ability to create new products successfully is directly influenced by the consistency and adaptability traits. The methods used to gather the data is from primary sources, which is obtained from the surveys, questionnaires and interviews. The researchers have showcased empirical studies to identify the characteristics of cultural phenomenon of the organization as well as impact on its performance. It is viewed that employee satisfaction is known through the involvement trait. It is found that imbalanced combinations related too few of the cultural traits generate negative impact on the performance indicators. Flamholtz, E., 2001. Corporate culture and the bottom line.European Management Journal,19(3), pp.268-275. The article reveals the effect and impact of organizational culture on the performance of the company financially. As per Flamholtz (2001), the previous studies only researched the impact of corporate culture on performance by applying cross sectional data. This article explores organizational effectiveness only applying it within a single medium sized industry. The company had 20 comparable divisions and provides an opportunity to examine the effectiveness of corporate culture. The data is obtained through questionnaires from the manger of the company. Regression analysis was applied, which showed an important relationship (at 0.05 levels) between financial performances and corporate culture. This is further measured through EBIT also known as earnings before interest and taxes. The finding obtained from the analysis provides support for the earlier hypothesized relationship. The relationship between financial performance and culture as well as its relevant implications for manageme nt practices and theory is henceforth evaluated. Gregory, B.T., Harris, S.G., Armenakis, A.A. and Shook, C.L., 2009. Organizational culture and effectiveness: A study of values, attitudes, and organizational outcomes.Journal of Business Research,62(7), pp.673-679. The article sets out to identify the outcomes and values when organizational culture affects firm effectiveness. This assumption is held implicitly by management researchers and corporate managers. As per Gregory et al. (2009), the manuscript emphasizes on the detailed research done through examining the attitudes of employee. As formulated by the diverse measures and values framework related to companys effectiveness, employees acts as a crucial mediator between organizational culture and efficiency. The research was conducted across US in over 99 healthcare facilities. The method to ascertain the information is done by surveying members of leading management teams related to each facility. Physician satisfaction employee satisfaction was used as attitudinal variables. The objective of the research is to address both the direct and indirect impact of corporate culture on effectiveness. The findings of the study prove that the attitudes and beliefs of the employees directly affect th e effectiveness and culture relationship within an organization. The research revealed that balanced cultures lead to achieving higher level of patient satisfaction as compared to unbalanced culture. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it can be concluded that organizational culture has a positive impact on the firms financial performance. The study analyzed through the research of different articles facilities a rare opportunity to assess the affect of culture on financial performances. The outcome provides relevant support for earlier theoretical framework related to the importance of organizational culture, moreover the role of culture, for the firms success. The cultural impact on the bottom line is of vital importance related to influencing managerial practices. Corporate culture affects the planning-goal setting as well as indicators for human resource development. The self-direction attribute of the organizational mangers has been proved influential for goal setting and establishing plan or vision. External and internal business environment factors significantly influences the relations between organizational efficiency dimensions and various culture types. Adequate diagnosing of corporate culture is done through the determination of politics, human resource and strategic techniques or practices in relation to the organization. This will furthermore enable the organization to achieve desired corporate efficiency dimensions. This is related to the condition relying on the variability and stability related to both the external and internal environment. In addition to this an organization with positive cultural environment is identified by value sharing and ideas. The firm is more likely to achieve maximum growth in the long run through successful innovations. Furthermore, effective corporate culture leads in developing positive attitudes of the employees by team orientation and value empowerment. References: Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. Flamholtz, E., 2001. Corporate culture and bottom line.European Management Journal,19(3), pp.268-275. Gregory, B.T., Harris, S.G., Armenakis, A.A. and Shook, C.L., 2009. Organizational culture and effectiveness: A study of values, attitudes, and organizational outcomes.Journal of Business Research,62(7), pp.673-679. Siehl, C. and Martin, J., 1989.Organizational culture: A key to financial performance?. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. Yilmaz, C. and Ergun, E., 2008. Organizational culture and firm effectiveness: An examination of relative effects of culture traits and the balanced culture hypothesis in an emerging economy.Journal of world business,43(3), pp.290-306.